Iraq: Population, GDP, Map & Key Facts (2025)

Iraq's history is rich and complex, dating back to ancient times when it was home to some of the earliest known civilizations. The region, often referred to as Mesopotamia, is recognized as the cradle of civilization, where the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians developed writing, advanced architecture, and early forms of governance. Notable achievements during this period include the creation of the cuneiform writing system around 3200 BCE and the establishment of city-states such as Ur and Babylon, which flourished due to their strategic location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest written legal codes, emerged around 1754 BCE, highlighting the region's sophisticated societal structure.

The medieval period marked significant developments in Iraq as it became a center of Islamic culture and scholarship following the Arab conquest in the 7th century CE. The city of Baghdad, founded in 762 CE, soon became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a hub for trade, science, and philosophy. The House of Wisdom, an academic institution established in Baghdad, attracted scholars from various regions, leading to advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. However, Iraq's prominence began to wane in the later medieval period, particularly after the Mongol invasion in 1258, which resulted in the destruction of Baghdad and a significant decline in its cultural and political influence.

In the modern era, Iraq underwent substantial changes, particularly during the Ottoman Empire's control from the 16th century until World War I. Following the war, Iraq was mandated to Britain in 1920, leading to the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1921. The country experienced significant political turmoil throughout the 20th century, culminating in the Ba'ath Party's rise to power under Saddam Hussein in the 1960s. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the Gulf War (1990-1991) had devastating effects on the nation’s infrastructure and population, setting the stage for further conflict.

Recent historical significance in Iraq has been marked by the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, which resulted in the toppling of Saddam Hussein's regime but also led to prolonged instability, sectarian violence, and the rise of extremist groups such as ISIS. The aftermath has seen ongoing efforts towards rebuilding the nation, political reconciliation, and the challenge of establishing a stable democratic governance. Iraq remains a focal point for geopolitical interests in the Middle East, and its rich history continues to shape its identity and prospects for the future.

Iraq is located in the heart of the Middle East, bordered by six countries: Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The country covers an area of approximately 438,317 square kilometers (169,234 square miles), making it the 58th largest nation in the world. Its geographic coordinates are situated between latitudes 29° and 37° N, and longitudes 40° and 48° E. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which are vital to Iraq's agriculture and history, flow through the country, creating a fertile alluvial plain known as the Mesopotamian basin, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization."

The physical landscape of Iraq is diverse, featuring a combination of mountains, plains, and desert regions. The northern part of the country is dominated by the Zagros Mountains, which extend into the Iraqi Kurdistan region, featuring peaks that reach elevations of over 3,600 meters (11,800 feet). In contrast, the central and southern regions consist mainly of flat plains and desert, with the western part of Iraq transitioning into the vast Arabian Desert. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, along with their tributaries, play a critical role in the country's hydrology, supporting both agriculture and urban settlements.

Iraq's climate is predominantly arid and semi-arid, characterized by hot summers and mild winters. Average summer temperatures can soar above 40°C (104°F), while winter temperatures often range from 5°C to 15°C (41°F to 59°F) in the northern regions. Rainfall is scarce and unevenly distributed, with the majority falling in the winter months, particularly in the north. The southern region experiences less precipitation, which contributes to its drier climate. Sandstorms are a common occurrence, particularly in the spring, affecting air quality and visibility.

The country is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas, which are central to its economy. Iraq holds some of the largest proven oil reserves in the world, primarily located in the south and in the Kirkuk region. Aside from hydrocarbons, the fertile land along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers supports agriculture, producing crops such as wheat, barley, and date palms. Environmental challenges, including water scarcity and pollution, are significant concerns, particularly as the country grapples with the impacts of climate change and ongoing conflicts. These factors underscore the importance of sustainable resource management and environmental protection in Iraq's future development.

Iraq operates as a federal parliamentary republic, a system that emerged following the 2003 invasion led by the United States. The political framework is characterized by a complex interplay of various ethnic and sectarian groups, primarily including Arab, Kurdish, and Turkmen populations. The government is designed to ensure representation among these diverse communities, with power-sharing agreements intended to promote stability and inclusivity. However, the political landscape remains volatile, marked by ongoing tensions between different factions and challenges related to governance and security.

The structure of the Iraqi government is composed of three main branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and endorsed by the Council of Representatives. The President, a largely ceremonial role, is elected by the Council. The legislative branch, known as the Council of Representatives, is a unicameral body responsible for making laws and overseeing the executive. The judicial system operates independently, with the Federal Supreme Court serving as the highest court, overseeing issues of constitutional interpretation and disputes among the branches of government.

Key institutions within the Iraqi government include the Council of Ministers, which manages the day-to-day affairs of the state, and the Council of Representatives, which is tasked with legislative responsibilities. The current political leadership is heavily influenced by a mix of established political parties and newer movements, often reflecting the broader sectarian divides within the country. The political environment is dynamic, with frequent changes in leadership and coalition-building efforts that can influence the direction of policies and governance.

Iraq's electoral system is based on a proportional representation framework, which aims to reflect the diverse demographic makeup of the country. Elections are held at various levels, including parliamentary, provincial, and local elections, with the most recent parliamentary elections taking place in 2021. The political landscape is characterized by a multitude of parties, often resulting in coalition governments. This system, while intended to promote representation, also leads to fragmentation and can complicate the decision-making process, making effective governance a persistent challenge.

The economy of Iraq operates as a mixed economy, heavily reliant on oil exports, which account for approximately 90% of government revenue and around 80% of GDP. As of the latest estimates, Iraq's nominal GDP stands at about $200 billion, positioning it as one of the largest economies in the Middle East. The country has significant reserves of crude oil, ranking among the top ten globally, which has been a pivotal factor in its economic structure and development. Despite the wealth generated from oil, Iraq faces challenges in diversifying its economy and developing other sectors.

Major industries in Iraq include oil and gas, agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. The oil sector not only dominates the economy but also shapes the labor market, with a large portion of the workforce employed in this industry. Agriculture, although less significant in terms of GDP contribution, employs a substantial number of people and is essential for food security. The sector has seen efforts towards modernization and investment, but it struggles with issues related to water scarcity and infrastructure. Additionally, the construction industry has experienced growth due to reconstruction efforts following years of conflict, leading to opportunities in the housing and infrastructure development sectors.

Trade plays a critical role in Iraq's economy, with the country primarily exporting crude oil, petroleum products, and agricultural goods. In recent years, Iraq has maintained strong trade relationships with countries such as the United States, China, and neighboring Gulf states. The nation imports machinery, foodstuffs, and consumer goods, which are vital for its population. The trade balance is heavily skewed in favor of exports, thanks largely to its oil wealth, with revenue from oil sales enabling Iraq to maintain essential imports despite ongoing challenges.

Despite its economic potential, Iraq faces numerous challenges, including political instability, security concerns, and infrastructure deficits. The reliance on oil exposes the economy to fluctuations in global oil prices, which can lead to budget deficits and economic instability. Additionally, corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies hinder foreign investment and business growth. However, opportunities exist in diversifying the economy, enhancing agricultural productivity, and improving infrastructure, which could foster sustainable growth and development. With ongoing efforts towards economic reform and stability, Iraq aims to achieve a more resilient and diversified economic future.

Iraq is a nation characterized by its rich tapestry of languages, religions, and ethnic groups, reflecting its complex history and diverse population. The official languages are Arabic and Kurdish, with Arabic being predominantly spoken in the central and southern regions, while Kurdish is used primarily in the northern areas of the country. Other languages, including Turkmen, Assyrian, and Armenian, are also present, showcasing the ethnic diversity of Iraq's inhabitants, which includes Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, Assyrians, and others. Religiously, Iraq is primarily Muslim, with the majority being Shi'a, followed by a significant Sunni minority. Additionally, there are small communities of Christians, Yazidis, and Mandaeans, each contributing to the nation’s multifaceted religious landscape.

The cultural traditions and customs of Iraq are deeply rooted in its history and are celebrated through various festivals, rituals, and social practices. Traditional Iraqi hospitality is a hallmark of the culture, often expressed through the serving of coffee and tea in social gatherings. Important cultural events include Ashura, observed by Shi'a Muslims to commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, and the celebration of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, marking the end of Ramadan and the Hajj pilgrimage, respectively. The influence of ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerians and Babylonians, is evident in the country’s customs and social structures, which emphasize family ties and community cohesion.

The arts, music, and literature of Iraq reflect its historical depth and cultural diversity. Iraqi musicians often incorporate traditional instruments, such as the oud and the qanun, into their performances, producing a unique sound that blends traditional Iraqi folk music with contemporary styles. Prominent poets and writers, such as the late Badr Shakir al-Sayyab and the contemporary novelist Sinan Antoon, contribute to a vibrant literary scene that addresses themes of identity, displacement, and resilience. Furthermore, visual arts in Iraq, encompassing calligraphy, painting, and sculpture, draw inspiration from the country’s rich heritage, often reflecting both historical and modern narratives.

Iraqi cuisine is another vital aspect of its culture, known for its rich flavors and diverse ingredients. Staples include rice, bread, and an array of spices that contribute to the distinctive taste of dishes such as kebabs, dolma (stuffed vegetables), and biriyani. Meals are often communal, emphasizing the importance of family and togetherness in daily life. The bustling markets, known as souks, play a key role in daily activities, where locals gather to shop for fresh produce, spices, and handmade goods. Despite the challenges faced by the country, the resilience of the Iraqi people is reflected in their vibrant culture, which continues to thrive and evolve amidst the complexities of modern life.